Energy Rules of Thumb
The LED Payback Rule
Replacing a standard 60W incandescent bulb with a 9W LED bulb pays for itself in less than 6 months of average use, while lasting up to 20 times longer.
Solar Panel Degradation
Modern monocrystalline solar panels degrade at roughly 0.5% per year. When modeling 25-year returns, factor in that your panels will produce about 85% of their original capacity in year 25.
The Heat Pump COP
COP (Coefficient of Performance) measures efficiency. A heat pump with a COP of 3.0 delivers 3 units of heat for every 1 unit of electricity consumed—making it 300% efficient.